Kaufmann and H.W. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. Contact us Contact us [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is taciturn. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. You go around it. By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. Of the roughly 8.5 million French soldiers mobilized in 1914 to fight Germany and the other Central Powers, more than 6 million became casualties, either killed, wounded or declared missing during four years of grueling trench warfare. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. General Maurice Gamelin, when drafting the Dyle Plan, believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it were traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattacks. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. (A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines in 19141918.). They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. As a. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. The white hunters are out of his reach; for all intents and purposes they are invincible (although later, as a grown man, Cholly learns to hate and kill white men). The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Complete your free account to request a guide. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. $24.99 It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Want 100 or more? The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. It was part of a bigger plan to force a German attack through Belgium. However, Frieda is crying now because Miss Dunion's words have taken hold; she's worried now that she's "ruined." Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Instant PDF downloads. Continue to start your free trial. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Struggling with distance learning? [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. Such accusations are unfounded". She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. You'll also receive an email with the link. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. How did this happen? [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. Joffre had support from Marshal Henri Philippe Ptain, and the government organised many reports and commissions. 20 to 30 men manned them. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. Discount, Discount Code [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. What does the word "festers" mean? The elderly woman who raises Cholly. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." "They cashed in their chips. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. Instant PDF downloads. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. creating and saving your own notes as you read. 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