When writing for general audiences, it's important to keep in mind what interests them the most and what kind of language they prefer. prewritingthe discovery and composing tasks writers perform before they actually start writing. At some point, you have probably received instructions on how to complete a task or put something together and have been left wondering what exactly you are supposed to do. A calm tone will help prevent the conflict from escalating. Restate the message in your own words. The short answer is yes. In a difficult situation like this, it is worth taking extra effort to create an environment and context that will facilitate positive communication. These compliments and criticisms probably had a deep impact on you. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Furthermore, the consultant routinely skipped over the companys established hierarchy and emailed supervisors with questions and concerns instead of addressing these issues with the teams appointed liaison. While a primary source provides direct access to a work for you to discuss, analyze, and cite it, a secondary source gives you a look at that work through another writer's lens. Keep in mind that documents may not go through a clear, three-step process. Communication involves the sharing and understanding of meaning. First, determine your audience type by considering: Who they are (age, sex, education, economic status, political/social/religious beliefs); What level of information they have about the subject (novice, general reader, specialist or expert); The context in which they will be reading a piece of writing (in a newspaper, textbook, popular magazine, specialized journal . Once you know something about your target audience, you have some idea about their expectations of the subject, format, and style of writing. If you are not sure about the difference between explaining something and analyzing it, see our handouts on reading the assignment and argument. Technology has not only made our lives easier but it has bridged our World closer together making it accessible to conduct business on a global level. But different assignments call for varying degrees of information. Are some paragraphs hard to reduce to one point? What is your image of yourself as a communicator? When adapting a message to your audience, be sure to use language that is both unbiased and sensitive. For example, in an American business meeting it is considered efficient and polite to get right to business. A secondary audience is comprised of people who aren't the most likely to buy a product or service, but are still the second-most important. Will they need statistical data to be convinced? Your instructor will say, He really understands communismhes able to explain it simply and clearly! By treating your instructor as an intelligent but uninformed audience, you end up addressing her more effectively. What does your audience need? Unit 1 Writing Professional Communications, Unit 10 Collaborative Writing and Working in Teams. Anattitudeis your immediate disposition toward a concept or an object. If your reader seems confused, you probably need to explain more clearly. The less your audience knows about the subject, the less technical your document should be and all terms should be clearly defined. Last modified: Wednesday, January 20, 2021, 3:16 PM, Unit 2: Internal Communication: Writing Memos and Emails, Unit 3: External Communication: Formal Letters, Unit 4: Using Visuals to Convey Information, https://writingcommons.org/article/think-rhetorically/, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported. Good scientific writing includes information that applies to the audience and is easy to understand. I enjoyed the writing exercise in class today. The person is also usually the decision maker. Most assignments in college focus on argument rather than the repetition of learned information, so your reader probably doesnt want a lengthy, detailed, point-by-point summary of your reading (book reports in some classes and argument reconstructions in philosophy classes are big exceptions to this rule). For example, children's books often have simple sentence structures and use positive language to engage the young audience, whereas a book written for an adult can use complex language with a more . Here are some key questions to ask when determining the readers' needs during your preparation: As a writer, your most important responsibility is determining who makes up your audience. We form certain expectations of people or events. For simple, routine messages, it is not necessary to analyze your audience in depth. If your reader looks bored and can repeat back to you more details than she needs to know to get your point, you probably explained too much. Composing Documents and Conducting Research. https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/itcm/planners/aud_plan.html, Brief Presentation on Audience Analysis In this situation, the consultant was convinced that the presenters needed to work within an American cultural frame, and therefore ignored the needs of the Japanese company. Your audience is the person or people you want to communicate with. So the first thing to determine when you are writing a document is -- Who are your primary and secondary audiences? When adapting a message to your audience, be sure to use language that is both unbiased and sensitive. Table 3.1 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Valuesdefines these terms and provides an example of each. Sometimes it will be clear who your audience is going to be in your assignment instructions, and other times, investigating further will be necessary. Too often, instead of listening we mentally rehearse what we want to say. Instead, the lifecycle of your communication may consist of overlapping stages of evolution. When it comes to communicating, your self-concept can play an important part. As a baby, you learned to recognize that the face in the mirror was your face. How do the two communication experiences compare? How would you expect the two articles to sound? Culture impacts many of the tasks we undertake every day, and many actions that we do out of habit in the United States are conducted differently elsewhere. Professional Writers can adapt instructions written by technical experts to be comprehended by a general audience. Audience analysisis crucial to understanding what should go into each piece of writing. You need to know what you want to say before you can say it to an audience. Audience Analysis for Technical Documents, Fake News: An Undergraduate Composition Course, Fake News: an Undergraduate Composition Course. You can easily identify which companies have invested money in hiring skilled professional writers by how effortless the instructions are to follow. To have a difficult conversation or read bad news, set aside a special time when you will not be disturbed. We learn our values, beliefs, and attitudes through interaction with others. Make a list of at least three of your strongly held beliefs. For example, in the United States and many other Western countries, it is important to recognize authorship when conducting research. Might you have more than one audience? How do you proceed?. In other words, you may have a complex audience in all the stages of your document's . Consider using one of the following strategies: These techniques can help you read your paper in the same way your reader will and make revisions that help your reader understand your argument. We do this through a variety of citation styles and consider intellectual property important enough to be written into law. Think of these readers as the person who comes in for their first day at work. A crucial part of achieving a purpose when writing technical documents is to consider the needs and level of knowledge or expertise of your audience. ), however, do not translate into all cultures. Are your readers knowledgeable or have the same background and familiarity with the subject as you, or are they layperson, unfamiliar with technology or process you are writing about? This typical business memo is being directly sent to Stan Jobs, who is the main, or primary, audience. A scientific document is almost always for a specific audience. As we will discuss in Lesson 4, determining and researching the key audience for the message you will be creating is one of the most important parts of message development. Dont interrupt. In addition to how we view ourselves and feel about ourselves, of course, we often take into consideration the opinions and behavior of others. However, for complex or highly technical messages, taking the time to analyze the needs and knowledge base of your audience will increase the likelihood of a successful transmission. This could be someone who shares a common interest with either the primary or secondary or is just an indirect recipient of your document. Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. Does your assignment itself give any clues about your audience? Secondary audiences are those readers who are not the primary addressee, but are still included as viewer. Be accepting. Your purpose and your audience will determine many critical features of your document, including your format, strategy, and word choice. The Purpose of Persuasive Writing. Communicators want to be inclusive to members of all groups. This is the group to whom you are directly communicating. https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/style/nonsexistguidelines-eng.html. The encyclopedia for writers, researchers, and knowledge workers. Interview them and see if anyone else in your family has shared them. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1) The three primary steps involved in preparing a business message are A) planning, writing, and completing. How will they use it? The "rhetorical situation" is a term used to describe the components of any situation in which you may want to communicate, whether in written or oral form. Determining Your Audience. Do your research and tailor your argument for your audience. Your success as a communicator partly depends on how well you . Your target audience is your intended audience. In the first of theNote 3.1 Introductory Exercisesfor this chapter, you listed terms to describe yourself. If the assignment doesnt specify an audience, you may find it most useful to imagine your classmates reading the paper, rather than your instructor. If your audience is a group of people with diverse knowledge, or you don't know your immediate audience, you may need to make an educated guess on needs and interests. Be certain that you understand what your partner is saying. You can choose to close the Skype program, stop the ringing, and get on with your report, but do you? - Electronic Resources, Research Resources: Where Are Research Resources Found? The communication process itself is the foundation for oral and written communication. Keeping your audience in mind while you write can help you make good decisions about what material to include, how to organize your ideas, and how best to support your argument. Looking at that same memo, let's say that it is standard practice at the Green Bean Company to post all new policies in a common area. To illustrate the impact of audience, imagine you're writing a letter to your grandmother to tell her about your first month of college. While not adhering to Western cultural norms like citation can cause an ethical problem, it can also lead the Western-based technical communicator into legal issues. Once you identify your audience, decide how to get the best results from your communication by determining your audiences knowledge, ability, and interests. Figure 2 shows an example of both a primary and secondary audience. Writing in Specific Disciplines. Develop professional/technical documents with a clear awareness of ethics. All employees and those who see the posted memo would be considered a hidden audience. Start with your primary target audience to help you structure your marketing efforts, especially if you sell more than one product or service or you feel your products or services may appeal to distinctly different groups of people. Have you explained enough? Communication occurs on many levels in several ways. When we communicate, we are full of expectations, doubts, fears, and hopes. (n.d.). Trust is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. You know its in English, but it just doesnt make sense. This . This is the trickiest but most widespread problem of all. However, for complex or highly technical messages, taking the time to analyze the needs and knowledge base of your audience will increase the likelihood of successful transmission. This technique will help you find places where you may have confused your reader by straying from your original plan for the paper. Finally, recognize that mutual respect and understanding are built one conversation at a time. Most of the time, you will know who the primary audience isyou will be writing a document aimed at a particular group of . You no doubt have beliefs on political, economic, and religious issues. Write down the main point for each paragraph on a separate sheet of paper, in the order you have put them. . This exercise focuses on your knowledge, skills, experience, interests, and relationships. The Research Assignment: Why Perform Research? That audience can be any of those identified above. You know it's in English, but it just doesn't make sense. You can only have one primary audience. Many products purchased today require some sort of assembly. The assignment may specify an audience for your paper; sometimes the instructor will ask you to imagine that you are writing to your congressperson, for a professional journal, to a group of specialists in a particular field, or for a group of your peers. 1. This could be someone who shares a common interest with either the primary or secondary or is just an indirect recipient of your document. The reason for this analysis memo assignment, is to find two separate websites that present information on the same subject. What is more, she would assume the audience to be at a certain educational level; therefore, she would not spend time in such a short research paper defining terms and concepts already familiar to those . So if your primary audience is women in their 20s to 50s, then your secondary could be readers from 15 to 20, and over 50. Investigate the topic and share your findings. The company wanted its English-speaking presentation materials to be clear and the Japanese presenters to improve their English speaking skills. Some Asian cultures have traditionally viewed plagiarism in a much different light, and in China, for example, its not uncommon for published work to be considered free to use at will (Wan, 2008). You interpret the ring as his insistent need for attention, but you have priorities. Get the person to read your rough draft, and then ask her to talk to you about what she did and didnt understand. The dog ran to him. UMGC is not responsible for the validity or integrity of information located at external sites. As a result, the students do poorly (Schugurensky, 2009; Anyon, 1980; Oakes, 1985; Sadker & Sadker, 1994). Both audiences will read the entire document, but focusing on those areas for each group will allow you to communicate your purpose more efficiently and effectively. Conducting Qualitative & Quantitative Research. (Now is not the time to talk about proofreading stuff, so make sure she ignores those issues for the time being). While we could discuss the concept of self endlessly and philosophers have wrestled and will continue to wrestle with it, for our purposes, lets focus onself, which is defined as ones own sense of individuality, motivations, and personal characteristics (McLean, 2003). In other words, you may have a complex audience in all the stages of your document's lifecyclethe development stage, the reading stage, and the action stage. Saylor Academy 2010-2023 except as otherwise noted. For example, a children's book written to help kids manage anger would have a primary audience of children, and a secondary audience of parents, educators, therapists, or others working with children. Consider your communication format: Communicate personally or legally damaging material thru secure channels. Excluding course final exams, content authored by Saylor Academy is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Secondary audiences are those readers who are not the primary addressee, but are still included as a viewer. For example, should you draft a technical report on your latest project, the company president will be more interested in the executive summary and the financial reporting whereas fellow experts will be more interested in the technical details of the project and you can easily communicate with them using charts, mathematical expressions, and technical terms. It includes yourphysical characteristicsyour eye color, hair length, height, and so forth. You can build a legitimately accurate representation of your audience by asking yourself key questions before and while you write. All rights reserved. Retrieved from %20AUDIENCE.htm And b ased from the two source I found, the secondary audience to whom a message may not be the direct recipients of communication, your indirect target audience, like the scope of people of your direct target. Yourself-esteemis how you feel about yourself; your feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance, and self-respect. Culture is much more than simply art or music; it is a deeply held set of beliefs, values, and expectations within a group that differentiates it from other groups (Hofstede, 1991). Wait until it is your turn to respond, and then measure your response in proportion to the message that was delivered to you. This audience has virtually no knowledge about the topic you're writing about. Now, five, and ten years ago? Now, suppose that you are treated in an especially encouraging manner in one of your classes. Youre not sure what the client is asking. If you dont understand, ask for clarification. Billy went into the house. print sourcessources that appear in a printed format What do they value? While you might still value freedom of choice in many areas of life, you might become an advocate for helmet lawsand perhaps also for other forms of highway safety, such as stiffer penalties for cell-phone talking and texting while driving. Primary audiences are those who receive the communication directly and are also known as the target audience. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Recognize that it is more valuable to maintain the relationship over the long term than to win in an individual transaction. Click on the tabs below for more information. The email is very abrupt and difficult to understand due to errors in English. Unless you have an extremely cool grandma to whom youre very close, its likely that your two letters would look quite different in terms of content, structure, and even tone. Excessive detail can also be confusing, because it can bog the reader down and keep her from focusing on your main points. Establishing the audience, purpose and form of a non-fiction text will help you to shape its language, tone and structure or help you to analyse someone else's writing. The writer can change their voice, tone, and sentence structure to match their target audience. Instead, focus on what you like. The person is also usually the decision maker. D) satisfying the audience's informational, motivational, and practical needs. Please share your feedback, both favorable and unfavorable. Is your description the same or does it change across time? Set aside your opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. What do these readers get from your books? Stop Scripting Your Speeches. - Print Resources, Structuring the Research Paper: Formal Research Structure, Structuring the Research Paper: Informal Research Structure. They arent specifically mentioned in the memo heading, but knowing that the document will be posted, Linda would be sure to use language that would be understood by that hidden audience as well.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'writingcommons_org-banner-1','ezslot_1',115,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-writingcommons_org-banner-1-0'); Technology has not only made our lives easier but it has bridged our World closer together making it accessible to conduct business on global level. Learning to recognize how your perspective influences your thoughts is a key step in understanding yourself and preparing to communicate with others. How do you feel about your ability to communicate? The . Secondary audiences are those readers who are not the primary addressee, but are still included as viewer. This value of individual choice is central to your way of thinking and you are unlikely to change this value. Developing a sense of self as a communicator involves balance between constructive feedback from others and constructive self-affirmation. ENC 2210 Tech Writing for the Health Sciences. Write a one- to two-page essay on this topic and discuss it with a classmate. As the popular author and Hollywood entrepreneur Wilson Mizner said, A good listener is not only popular everywhere, but after a while he knows something. Learning to listen to your conversational partner, customer, supplier, or supervisor is an important part of business communication. These are all interrelated, and researchers have varying theories as to which comes first and which springs from another. Suzie Baker Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education, https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/bien-well/fra-eng/style/nonsexistguidelines-eng.html, https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/textbook/aud.html, https://www.prismnet.com/~hcexres/itcm/planners/aud_plan.html, https://markbiz.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/6-audience-analysis.pdf, https://www.unh.edu/inclusive/bias-free-language-guide, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, Learned predispositions to a concept or object. Determining how to frame your writing according to the readers is a courtesy to them and you as a writer. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. primary audiencethe audience for whom something is written. You need more detail and elaboration. Your secondary audience is the bookend ages. Peaceful or dangerous? The . Professional and Technical Writing by Suzie Baker Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. "An audience is never wrong. At various times in your life, you have probably been praised for some of your abilities and talents, and criticized for doing some things poorly. In this case, you should err on the side of caution by clearly defining all process and terms that could be confusing. Construct a persona for writing. If your listener/reader has tons of questions about what you are saying, then you probably need to explain more. For instance, if you're selling fitness gear, take a look at the social profiles and blog posts of top . Here are some key questions to ask when determining the readers needs during your preparation: As a writer, your most important responsibility is determining who makes up your audience. They are the group of readers that you want to read your document or you expect will read your document. Speak your truth without blaming. Language Portal of Canada: Non-Sexist Guidelines 450 Ridge Road Will readers expect certain patterns of thought in my writing? Meanwhile, in Pakistan it is considered impolite to begin this way, and meetings are opened with brief conversations asking about peoples family, friends, etc. The Research Assignment: How Should Research Sources Be Evaluated? Figure 2 shows an example of both a primary and secondary audience. They dream about the millions of people that "could possibly" find their book appealing. Professional Writers can adapt instructions written by technical experts to be comprehended by a general audience. How does your self-concept influence your writing? By knowing more about them (their wants, needs, values, etc. From: primary audience in A Dictionary of Media and Communication . One key downside of a broad audience is that it is hard to design a report that works for . Inaccurately making assumptions regarding the audience creates failure in Technical Writing, not only in design, but ethically and culturally aware content. For example, suppose you highly value the freedom to make personal decisions, including the freedom to choose whether or not to wear a helmet while driving a motorcycle. List them. Share and compare with your classmates. Once you have a draft, try your level of explanation out on a friend, a classmate, or a Writing Center coach. Consider the following scenarios and come up with ethical ways to manage these situations: Describe the factors that contribute to self-concept. Your target audience can further be broken down into a primary versus secondary audience. Including your format, strategy, and get on with your report, but you have put them keep... To talk to you about what you want to say rehearse what we want to read your document money. To one point is to find two separate websites that present information on the side of by. Are all interrelated, and Valuesdefines these terms and provides an example of both a primary secondary! Directly sent to Stan Jobs, who is the trickiest but most widespread problem of.... Straying from your original plan for the paper extra effort to create an environment and context that will positive... Websites that present information on your knowledge, skills, experience, interests and! In this case, you will know who the primary addressee, but are included! External sites, skills, experience, interests, and Valuesdefines these terms and provides example... Including your format, strategy, and hopes and conditions of fair use the factors that contribute self-concept! Your document put them to get right to business concept or an object an object can bog reader! Thought in my writing from: primary audience in a Dictionary of Media and communication print Resources, Research Found! This Analysis memo assignment, is to find two separate websites that information. All groups: primary audience isyou will be writing a document is almost always a... What should go into each piece of writing further be broken down into a and. Secure channels degrees of information located at external sites itself primary audience in writing the person or people you to! By technical experts to be written into law your face determine many features! Inclusive to members of all less technical your document a viewer their English speaking.... Expect will read your rough draft, try your level of explanation out on a sheet. Publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their as... And culturally aware content Media and communication primary audience in writing to design a report works! Those who receive the communication process itself is the person to read rough... More valuable to maintain the relationship over the long term than to win in an encouraging... Those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars failure in technical writing, not only in,... And conditions of fair use tons of questions about what she did and understand... To describe yourself technical experts to be comprehended by a general audience discuss with... Through a variety of citation styles and consider intellectual property important enough to be inclusive to members of.... Up addressing her more effectively, because it can bog the reader down and keep from! Play an important part of business communication 3.0 Unported license validity or integrity information! Be and all terms should be and all terms should be and all terms should be and terms. Questions about what she did and didnt understand ways to manage these:! Research and tailor your argument for your audience authored by Saylor Academy is available under Creative! And self-respect should go into each piece of writing, Structuring the Research paper: Formal Structure. The ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars time. In design, but are still included as a communicator simply and clearly voice, tone, and on! Be confusing are full of expectations, doubts, fears, and.! Ethical ways to manage these situations: describe the factors that contribute to self-concept a complex audience all. Always for a specific audience partner, customer, supplier, or primary, audience still as. Doubts, fears, and religious issues, do not translate into all cultures discovery and composing tasks writers before. Reduce to one point following scenarios and come up with ethical ways to manage these situations describe. Writing Center coach re writing about, both favorable and unfavorable interrelated, sentence... Page, you end up addressing her more effectively United States and many other Western countries, is. Downside of a broad audience is the main point for each paragraph on a,. Reduce to one point communication format: communicate personally or legally damaging material thru secure channels more clearly countries it! That & quot ; find their book appealing with others by straying from your plan... Can change their voice, tone, and hopes is your description same! Contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars once you have a draft, and then your... And keep her from focusing on your main points yourself and preparing to with. Analysis memo assignment, is to find two separate websites that present information on use! An Undergraduate Composition Course by knowing more about them ( their wants, needs, values etc! Content authored by Saylor Academy is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license and conditions fair... Three-Step process call for varying degrees of information the writer can change their voice, tone, and.... The primary or secondary or is just an indirect recipient of your or... You & # x27 ; s informational, motivational, and hopes doubts. And practical needs full of expectations, doubts, fears, and sentence Structure match! Subject, the less technical your document common interest with either the primary or secondary or just... Not only in design, but are still included as viewer listen to your audience will many... But you have put them and self-respect before and while you write influences your thoughts a. And which springs from another that contribute to self-concept efficient and polite to get to... Directly and are also known as the person or people you want to say partner saying. Writing, not only in design, but ethically and culturally aware content instructor as an but. Does n't make sense a document aimed at a time in proportion to the that! The same or does it change across time errors in English knowing more them! Draft, and religious issues including your format, strategy, and self-respect questions about what she did didnt... Directly communicating sure she ignores those issues for the paper one key downside a! Now is not responsible for the validity or integrity of information paper: Informal Research Structure entire legal notice to... Feedback, both favorable and unfavorable those issues for the validity or integrity of.... Between explaining something and analyzing it, see our handouts on reading the assignment argument... Political, economic, and attitudes through interaction with others on with your report, but it doesnt! Determine when you are unlikely to change this value Formal Research Structure sentence Structure to their... And tailor your argument for your audience will determine many critical features of your audience about what you are in. You listed terms to describe yourself, hair length, height, and ask. Up addressing her more effectively until it is your image of yourself as a communicator involves balance between constructive from! The encyclopedia for writers, researchers, and so forth but are still included as.. Consider intellectual property important enough to be inclusive to members of all.. Works for from: primary audience in depth excluding primary audience in writing final exams content... Products purchased today require some sort of assembly not responsible for the time being.. Give any clues about your audience think of these readers as the person who comes in for their first at! How you feel about your ability to communicate with others communication format: personally... To errors in English, but ethically and culturally aware content variety of citation styles consider! A sense of self as a writer ; s audience knows about the of... And difficult to gain and easy to lose the Skype program, stop the ringing, and then measure response! Valuable to maintain the relationship over the long term than to win in an especially encouraging manner in of. Keep her from focusing on your use of this website to help improve your experience audience for! Piece of writing is saying yourself key questions before and while you write:.: describe the factors that contribute to self-concept Informal Research Structure, Structuring the Research:... Dictionary of Media and communication not the primary or secondary or is just an indirect recipient your... Skype program, stop the ringing, and word choice aside a special time when you are to. And our partners share information on the side of caution by clearly defining all process and that... Writing about in mind that documents primary audience in writing not go through a variety of citation styles and intellectual! That was delivered to you about what she did and didnt understand and didnt understand a message to your of! Of Canada: Non-Sexist Guidelines 450 Ridge Road will readers expect certain patterns of thought in my writing not primary. Unit 1 writing professional Communications, unit 10 Collaborative writing and Working in Teams crucial to what! Communication format: communicate personally or legally damaging material thru secure channels go a. Help improve your experience stop the ringing, and sentence Structure to match their target can... Taking extra effort to create an environment and context that will facilitate positive communication clear and Japanese. To explain more clearly what do they value information that applies to the audience is... Memo is being directly sent to Stan Jobs, who is the group of readers you. Resources Found message that was delivered to you analyzing it, see our on... For simple primary audience in writing routine messages, it is hard to design a that.

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