Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. [3][9], Despite demands that Kappler be returned to Italy the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. Among them was his future wife, Carla Capponi (1918-2000). In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. [1] [2] Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. In 1975, he was diagnosed with cancer. Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and his organisation were a major obstruction to the brutal Kappler and his Gestapo during this period. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. 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They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[3] partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr Hugh O'Flaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. World War II He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Arrest and Later Life. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. Waiting to solve 5. He said the Jews had committed no crime other than being Jews, but were about to be deported to Germany.. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. He mingled with Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy and he also became friendly with Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini; the founder of Italian Fascism. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. Upon the outbreak of World War II, in September 1939, Kappler was serving as an SS-Hauptsturmfhrer (captain) out of the Stuttgart Gestapo main office. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. Kappler's first action as head of German security forces in Rome was to help plan the rescue of Benito Mussolini by the SS special forces, a feat which was accomplished by Otto Skorzeny. Herbert Kappler became Hitler's man in Rome after the arrest of Benito Mussolini. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. His wife, who had helped get him back to West Germany, declared at the time that she wanted him to be able to die in his own house. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. Hugh O'Flaherty was born to James and Margaret O'Flaherty in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, Ireland, on February 28, 1898. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. By 1929, he was a certified electrician, still living in Stuttgart. In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. Shortly after his birth O'Flaherty's parents moved to Killarney, Ireland, and made a home on a golf course where James O'Flaherty worked as a steward. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Kappler prison photo -Public domain via Wikimedia Commons. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. During Kappler's probationary period, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, meaning that Kappler did not have the "honor" of full SS membership prior to the Nazis' assumption of power. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. He was only obeying orders.. OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and, from the beginning of the Second World War, he cooperated closely with the Italian police. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. Wellwishers showered the Kappler apartment with flowers and telegrams, and young neoNazis marched along the street below with, Fascist and antiJewish banners. iie was 70 years old. Archive stories reflect the journalistic standards and practicesof the time they were published. iie. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. Kappler organized the Ardeatine massacre, in which 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944, as a reprisal for an attack by resistance fighters that had resulted in the deaths of 33 men of the SS Police garrison in Rome. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. Where is Herbert Kappler buried? Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Thank you for using this website. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. There was a great sense of letting go." . He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. [1][4][5][6][7], Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the Holocaust in Italy in both Rome and Lazio;[4] in his first action, 1,023 Roman Jews were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz; where only 16 survived. We have no ads to show you! Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. Kappler's main activities during this period involved suppressing resistance groups, rounding up "enemies of the state", and enforcing anti-Jewish measures, conducting Jewish ghetto raids, and deportations to extermination camps. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. According to evidence at the 1948 tribunal, Colonel Kappler's troops drove the prisoners to the ancient Ardeatine Caves south of Rome and massacred them with machine guns, hand grenades and flame throwers. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. iie was 70 years old. The very man he had ordered killed was the very man who forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Herbert Kappler. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Upon leaving the SA, Kappler was accepted as a prospective candidate into the Schutzstaffel (SS) and appointed to the entry level probation rank of SS-Anwrter. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. She was their only child. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. Anyone can read what you share. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. In January 1936, he was promoted to the rank of SS-Scharfhrer (sergeant) and assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office of Stuttgart (Stapoleitstelle Stuttgart). Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. The Monsignor's activities covertly assisting Jews and other fugitives led both Kappler and his Italian colleague Pietro Koch to repeatedly plot O'Flaherty's kidnapping, torture, and summary execution in vain. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Ironically, Kurtna's Soviet masters failed to appreciate or reward his loyalty. In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 at the age of twenty three. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. The Italians demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. [10], In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Fortunately, they did not storm the Vatican because of its unique status. 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