Sleep Res 1973;4:65. J Abnorm Psychol 1982;91:433-6. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. Nature 1989;304:111-4. As commented upon concerning visual movements, the span of rostrum movements does probably reflect the distance of the olfactory source. 18. (1991) and Lovblad et al. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. We suppose, instead, inasmuch as dreams are forgotten if we are not aroused while dreaming or within ten to fifteen minutes immediately after the dream has ceased, that it may well be that dreams are forgotten because the reticular activating system is highly deactivated during desynchronized sleep and thus the memory of the dreams cannot be consolidated (110). (1996) and Braun et al. The inhibition of motoneurons could be complete but we ignore why it is not. Guazzi M, Baccelli G, Zanchetti A. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiological role in buffering fall in blood pressure during sleep. Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:867-76. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. When a dream is a nightmare, both motor and vegetative events may be very intense. This fundamental issue in learning is, however, still far from being settled, inasmuch as there are several controversial facts in the pertinent literature. In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. Forebrain activation in REM sleep: an FDG, PET study. & Ajmone-Marsan, C. 11. Those that are common to all behaviors (increase in heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the nervous system and muscles, ventilation, pupil diameter and palmar and plantar electrical conductance) and are intended to increase the supply of blood, oxygen, glucose etc. In the somesthetic system inhibition occurs at the very first central neurons in the sensory pathway (both spinal and in the brain stem) and appears as a reduction of evoked potentials in the medial lemniscus when peripheral afferents are electrically stimulated (41). Consequently, Foulkes concludes that they do not dream but this conclusion is probably incorrect, inasmuch as at this age children have a highly limited narrating capacity and their poor reports about dreams are certainly linked to such a limitation, not their absence. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". eCollection 2020. According to Mancia (1995), the brain "produces dreams" as "a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours". In fact, it does frequently occur when movements are expressed as high frequency potentials. Berlucchi G. Mechanismen von Schlafen und Wachen. 30. Desynchronized sleep can be provoked by carbachol infusion in the pontine reticular formation (94). Springer Verlag, Frankfurt 1953. In cats, Guazzi, Baccelli & Zanchetti (1966) demonstrated that due to such a cardiovascular hypoactivity the sensory afferents from glomus carotideus and glomus aorticus, that carry information from chemoreceptors sensitive to a decrease in oxygen blood concentration, attain an overwhelming relevance, inasmuch as following the transection of such afferents blood pressure goes continuously down during desynchronized sleep, leading to death (63). 32. It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. In the past, most civilizations boasted having wise people who could tell the meaning of dreams if conveniently paid for that, a fancy profession that still has its counterparts in modern nations. Considering dreams as hallucinations, Hernndez-Pen (1966) theorized that they are possible because the system responsible for wakefulness is inactivated during sleep, releasing memory tracings which are brought to consciousness. An official website of the United States government. The most prominent, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, derived its view of dreaming directly from the neurophysiology of REM sleep, in particular the role of the brain stem, and in its original form regarded dreams as not essentially meaningful. Table 1 shows the results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats. Baust W. Die Phnomenologie des Schlafes. The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. Brain Res 1990;517:224-8. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. 82. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. 96. Where do dreams come from? Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep. This author "thus proposes a psychoanalytical model of dreaming, in which dreams constitute a way of representing the individual's inner world with internal objects related with one another and with the self" (135). It should be recalled here that, comparing the dream content in humans with events of the previous day, Calkins found in 1876 that nearly 89% of the reported dreams were closely related to such events. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. Brain Res 1982;233:287-98. Wiley-Interscience, New york 1990:535-583. 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. The eye movements that occur during desynchronized sleep are equivalent to limb and face twitches occurring during the same phase of sleep and seem to have the same functional meaning. The narrower is the angle of rotation, the lower is the recorded potential, which happens when attention is being directed to a very small part of the object or when the object is very near. In rats penile erection in desynchronized sleep has also been detected and was found to cease after spinal transection; following mesencephalic transections that spare desynchronized sleep, penile erection was deeply reduced (11). The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. 99. 1996 Sep 12;383(6596):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0. (eds. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. The reason for such vegetative adjustments is obviously that the nervous tissue is metabolically very demanding, so much so that 20% of the inspired oxygen goes to the nervous system. This seems to be a highly improbably conception, among other reasons because, as dreaming is concerned, threatening events are as dangerous to the organism as bad news we hear and as crossing a street or watching a movie-film full of violence are as well. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. 73. Brain Res 1967;6:706-15. 74. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. A powerful defensive behavior, the withdrawal "reflex" (or retraction behavior, as we prefer to call it), is also completely inhibited during this phase of sleep. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. 5. government site. 93. Recordings of the electrical activity of the brain, which we will refer to as electro-oscillograms, reveal specific patterns that express the phases of sleep in several central regions of the brain, including the phase during which most oniric activity takes place, the desynchronized or paradoxical sleep. Nikolaev E, Kaminska B, Tischmeyer W, Matthies E, Kaczmarek L. Induction of expression of genes encoding transcription factors in the rat brain elicited by behavioral training. These interneurons inhibit motoneurons by means of glycinergic synapses (glycine is a powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter), as shown by Soja et al. Around 80 per cent of such motor activity was found to occur during desynchronized sleep, what points to its participation in dreaming activity. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. In: Pompeiano, O. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. This allows us to see the irrational as a normal event, while emotional processing and symbolic identities can be explored. Roffwarg HP, Adrien J, Herman J, Pessah M, Spiro R, Bowe-Anders C. The middle ear muscle activity in the neurophysiology and psychophysiology of the REM state. Unless we agree that such movements in human and in non-human animals are manifestations of dreaming activity, it is impossible to explain the electro-oscillograms and the movements that both classes of animals exhibit during desynchronized sleep. Calkins thus discovered that most dreams occur during the second half of the night and that around 89% of them are closely related to the events occurring the day before, confirming Aristotle. 65. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memorian); Angela Cristina do Valle. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. In decerebrate cats eye movements do occur and are integrated below the midbrain (67,95). Attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Milbrandt J. Dream recall and eye movement during sleep and their relation to eye movements, bodily motility and dreaming. 23. In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. ):163-6. doi: 10.1038/383163a0 character of theta waves is probably the reason why potentials... Fdg, PET study results of some of such studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming recorded. Some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the olfactory source the as... Studies, including our data concerning nearly 2,000 dreaming episodes recorded from rats from their high auditory sensibility, G! 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