Maintaining Your Horses Weight During the Winter, Special Report: Preventing 3 Common Equine Joint Issues, JACKSON- Gelding/Bay/Mustang (Nevada) - Project/Ready for Training, JENNINGS Gelding/Cremello/Mustang (BLM) Ridable (Green), Behavioral Signs of Equine Cheek Tooth Findings, Feeding Young Horses: Graduating to a Grown-Up Diet, ALLIE: Dark Brown Dun Mustang Mare Non-Riding Companion Only. In horses with ideal conformation, a visualized vertical plumb line dropped from the tuberosity of the scapular spine should bisect the longitudinal axis of the forelimb to the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ or fetlock) and fall 5 cm behind the heel in the lateral view. Although meeting with some success, 6 of 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability (Mawdsley et al., 1996). Some common terms describing conformational alignments are defined anatomically in Table 15-1 and illustrated in Figure 15-1 and Figure 15-2. Tibiotarsal angle >170 degrees (Marks, 2000), usually due to a more upright tibia The quarters shouldnt be too sloped or flat. These traits were hoofpastern axis in both forelimbs and hindlimbs, head size, and vertical alignment of the forelimbs and hindlimbs, all having a coefficient of variation greater than 10%. Radiography has also been used to measure joint angles and segment lengths. Tends to wing the feet with potential for interference injury. Sickle hock/curby hock The base of the neck should be level with the point of the horses shoulder. Conformation usually comes into play during three events: looking at a horse to buy, looking at a horse to breed, and determining the best "job" for a horse. The literature presented in this chapter will follow the terminology appearing in the research papers. In the hindlimb, a plumb line dropped from the ischial tuberosity should touch the point of the calcaneous (prominent caudally in the tarsus or hock), follow the plantar metatarsal surface to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ or fetlock) and fall 7.5 to 10 cm caudal to the heel in the lateral view. This allows the horse to be more flexible, balanced and collect more naturally. Log In or Register a > to continue Can Shoeing Improve How Show Horses Move? Poor conformation can lead to problems related to concussion. Weller et al. The combinations of joint configurations and segment lengths are infinite and multifaceted, so the resulting judgment is variable and directly dependent on the individual expertise and personal ideal of the practitioner. The Croup: the top of the hindquarters, from the hip to the dock. She describes how the forelimbs and hind limbs function differently: The hind limbs generate tremendous propulsion, but more in a horizontal manner, while the front limbs tend to generate a vertical force to push the horse upwards off the ground.. Some studies and studbooks have used a system of linear scoring in an attempt to quantify the repeatability of subjective evaluation (, method of assessment employs a numeric scale to describe defined conformational traits across the entire spectrum of possible configurations, one biologic extreme to the other. The neck should tie into the horse's body fairly high to provide good chest space. Particular attention is warranted in evaluation of distal limb alignment, hoof quality, size, and balance due to the concentration of locomotive stresses in this area. A horse's conformation and structure can limit or expand his options as a performance horse. The absence of standardized evaluation standards, lack of centralized training programs internationally, and a large source of error introduced by. The segment lengths of specific long bones of limbs should also be noted at this time. ACVIM, of High Desert Equine, in Reno, Nevada, says watching a horse in motion always trumps looking at him standing still. Particular attention is warranted in evaluation of distal limb alignment, hoof quality, size, and balance due to the concentration of locomotive stresses in this area. Rather than trying to patch up already-developed lameness issues with palliative care such as joint injections, take a proactive approach by properly selecting and conditioning a horse for your desired athletic enterpriseor selecting a sport in which your horse will exceland having him correctly shod. This can be demonstrated by the red lines in Figure 2. Pigeon Toed Horses and Lameness Scientific tests have shown there is a 98% likelihood most horses ft are pigeon toed. The stance of the horse has been identified as a major source of error in conformation assessment, as small changes in limb placement and weight distribution can introduce significant variation in segmental alignment. Wider Definition : A more holistic definition considers the implications of form for dynamic function as well. An upright pastern is often also related to this conformation (Ducro et al., 2009a) Nancy S. Loving, DVM, owns Loving Equine Clinic in Boulder, Colorado, It is the arrangement of muscle, bones, tissue, and overall body structure that come together to create the horse and the resulting athletic ability of said horse. A long hindquarter allows for increased range of extension and flexion. As the horse ages, the proportion of white hair may increase but usually not to the extent this occurs in grey horses. This horse can develop an overall lighter movement that reduces concussive force on the feet and limbs to mitigate the development of forelimb lameness resulting from poor hoof conformation., The team in Dubersteins lab is performing preliminary research on balance, weight distribution, and soundness in horses. (2006c) also suggested that variability in judgment is affected by the limited repeatability of measurement techniques due to inaccurate identification of anatomic landmarks and inconsistent positioning of the subject. The literature presented in this chapter will follow the terminology appearing in the research papers. FIGURE 15-5 Illustrations of some common conformational defects of the hooves (see Table 15-1 for description). Coronet Band: a ring of soft tissue just above the hoof. The pastern angle (E) should be equal to the shoulder angle. The ideal conformation of a young horse for any competition or sound family mount. Sport horse veterinarians have long recognized that horses with straight hockshock angles greater than 165 degreesare at significantly higher risk for SLD, and research supports this supposition, says Collatos. "Dynamic" balance is defined as that conformation that allows the foot to contact the ground in a prescribed pattern. When assessing foal conformation, limbs can also be viewed from above at the shoulder and hip (skyline view). Short-Backed vs. Long-Backed Horses. 4. Radiography has also been used to measure joint angles and segment lengths. Conditioning a horse properly goes a long way toward delaying the onset of fatigue, and using leg protection can help prevent interference injuries. Despite these limitations, subjective evaluation can be easily and quickly performed by an experienced evaluator, expediting the assessment of large numbers of horses within a short time frame. Roan horses may have distinct or indistinct white markings. Horse Breed: Shire Horse Cultures of the World. The literature presented in this chapter will follow the terminology appearing in the research papers. Increase in fetlock drop and potential for suspensory ligament strain. I want to see a horse that's structurally correct, pretty, and balanced that's the type . Bruising, corns, and quarter cracks of medial aspect of the hooves from excess impact. They are more prone to stress and injury than the hind legs. 5) Which line represents the length of the Femur? Conformation will, therefore, partially dictate the relationship between form and function, thus modifying the potential for biomechanical efficiency, superior performance, musculoskeletal durability, and perhaps even longevity (Wallin et al., 2001). However, opinions concerning segment lengths, joint angles, and skeletal inclinations were largely discrepant. Biomechanical evaluation relies heavily on strict physical and mechanical relationships of segments, requiring accurate anatomic terminology. The entire hindlimb should be bisected evenly in the caudal view (see Figure 15-4). No one recipe applies to every horseyoull need to work with your farrier to tailor your horses foot care to his individual conformation and way of going. As a horse comes into the breed ring and stands at the peak of the triangle, the judge has only three minutes to make a total assessment. For these, quantitative conformational assessment, in addition to these traditional judging methods, has been suggested to improve predictive capability (Holmstrom and Philipsson, 1993). For example, a caudal deviation at the radiocarpal or metacarpal joint complex (knee) may be described as back at the knee, calf knee, or carpal hyperextension, none of which describes the precise origin of segmental misalignment. Dynamic conformation. Tools of Conformation Measurement Cranial, caudal, and lateral views are needed to determine limb deviations in the sagittal, coronal (frontal), and transverse planes (see, When examining the conformational traits of individual limbs, a plumb line approach is useful in identifying angular or torsional deviation of segments from the vertical or horizontal at each joint level (Figure 15-4). Tibiotarsal (hock) angle 53 degrees or less (Holmstrom et al., 1990) If skeletal bones articulate (join) correctly, the line of concussion that runs up the leg when the horse hits the ground is evenly distributed all the way up the limb, explains Kylee Jo Duberstein, PhD, associate professor of equine science at the University of Georgia, in Athens. The skeletal format will affect such factors as joint range of motion, limb arc and hoof flight patterns, and weight distribution in motion, with subsequent effects on coordination of movement (including limb interference), balance, power (propulsion, impulsion, and collection), agility, and endurance. FIGURE 15-3 Measurement of shoulder length (A), rump length (B), shoulder angle (C), and rump angle (D). A proportionate horse will be symmetrical on both sides of its body. All assessment of equine conformation should be conducted with the horse standing squarely (loading all limbs symmetrically) on a level surface. Instead, look at the big picture of your horses conformation, job, and way of going.. The head should meet the neck at an angle so the horse can flex at the pole and move in balance. More than 65% of the traits exhibited large (CV > 10%) phenotypic variation within the sampled population. When assessing foal conformation, limbs can also be viewed from above at the shoulder and hip (skyline view). Lack of symmetry will stress those points and may harm or limit the horses ability to perform with grace and ease. Preselection of juvenile animals prior to growth completion based on conformation alone is risky. Horses with poor conformation may be at higher risk of: The basic conformation rules allow you to review a horses athletic ability for a certain performance. The assessment of conformation is subjective, and different people . Fads at times have skewed the importance of one trait or another, but all are important whether you are looking at a prospective halter horse or performance horse.Figure 1Good conformation includes proper balance and mass . Veterinarian conformational assessment should particularly focus on the presence of any such faults and the relationship of these faults to existing or potential pathologic conditions (Rossdale and Butterfield, 2006). She cites an example of a horse with contracted heels or a. When assessing deviation of the limb from the vertical, Weller et al. A founding study by Magnussen (1985) described the comprehensive set of landmarks listed below, and many research studies have followed this protocol or a derivative of it. This line should run from the point of the buttock to slightly inside the hock, to the middle of the hoof. Tags: The Athletic Horse Principles and Practice of Equine Sports Medicine The opposite of a ewe neck, with a pronounced curve on the topline, but still a conformation fault, as the horse will not go correctly and may hollow his back. If conformational liabilities affect a horses performance in a specific sport, then you might ultimately need to find a different horse for that pursuit and point him toward another sport that capitalizes on his strengths and abilities. The veterinarian palpates the horse, checking muscles, joints, bones and tendons for evidence of pain, heat, swelling or any other physical abnormalities. These traits were hoofpastern axis in both forelimbs and hindlimbs, head size, and vertical alignment of the forelimbs and hindlimbs, all having a coefficient of variation greater than 10%. A lower jaw that is clearly defined and well separated underneath the jaw, A clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling. A horse with good conformation has a centerline that splits the leg to the level of the fetlock (the horse's ankle), and then falls to the ground just behind the heel. What does good conformation mean? Establishing the exact source of the alignment deviation is imperative; for example, does a laterally pointing hoof, commonly described as toed out, originate from an externally rotated limb or from a particular distal joint? How Organized Are Your Horses Health Records? The front legs support 60-65% of the horse's weight. Also different from halter horses, are the cutting horses which are strictly bred for the ability to work a cow, whatever conformation may be the result. If the red hair comes from the chestnut pattern, the mane, tail, and legs will be red. If it is on the large side, the horse will be very difficult to raise off the forehand. University of Minnesota Extension discovers science-based solutions, delivers practical education, and engages Minnesotans to build a better future. There are three areas of a horse's body that contribute to his balance and allow him to look cohesive. This means that it is affected by both many genes and the environment. TABLE 151 The conformation or inherent anatomic structure of the horse is an integral part of the equine musculoskeletal constitution and will influence the quality of dynamic performance. Joint anglesScapular/pelvic inclinations CHAPTER 15 A good farrier balances the horse, not just the foot., In horses with limb deviations, hoof angles tend to develop imbalances more quickly than horses with good limb conformation because the way the crooked leg moves causes uneven wear on the hoof, adds Duberstein. They generally appear somewhat uphill in their balance, with a neck that comes relatively high out of the withers, a moderately sloped shoulder, and a very powerful sacrum and pelvis. Lateral tuberosity of the distal end of the radius Excess stress on lateral joint surfaces and medial splint bones. This is the look-at-me factor that good horsemen are attracted to. The neck should tie into the horse's body fairly high with a distinct chest area below. Base-narrow, feet move forward in outward arcs "padding". 6. However, opinions concerning segment lengths, joint angles, and skeletal inclinations were largely discrepant. Certain conformational flaws, such as being built downhill (croup higher than the front end and/or a low-set neck), cause a horse to carry even more weight on his forehand. Forward at the knee/bucked knee/over at the knee/sprung knee Proximal attachment of the lateral collateral ligament of the fetlock joint to the distal end of the third metacarpal bone, 2. Uneven feet When buying a new horse, we tend to look at their conformation. are bred to pull; they tend to have an uphill build with short, strong, high-set necks, powerful shoulders, and relatively weaker hindquarters than other breeds. Excessive bulk can cause soundness problems. Conformation refers to the structure or outline of an animal as determined by the arrangement of its parts. Offset knee/bench knee Conformation will, therefore, partially dictate the relationship between form and function, thus modifying the potential for biomechanical efficiency, superior performance, musculoskeletal durability, and perhaps even longevity (Wallin et al., 2001). Key Takeaways. There is emerging a new way of assessing conformation in the dynamic realm, until now . Conformation of the horse's front legs can affect their athletic ability, soundness, stride, speed and agility. Riders often have the objective of lightening a horses front end under saddle by spending time worrying about head position, says Duberstein. The segment lengths of specific long bones of limbs should also be noted at this time. In the hindlimb, a plumb line dropped from the ischial tuberosity should touch the point of the calcaneous (prominent caudally in the tarsus or hock), follow the plantar metatarsal surface to the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ or fetlock) and fall 7.5 to 10 cm caudal to the heel in the lateral view. From the side, draw a line with your eye from the height of the withers to the top of the croup. A line dropped from the cranial aspect of the greater tubercle of the humerus (point of the shoulder) should bisect the forelimb in the cranial view. Name of breed: Shire Country of origin: England Breed origin: The Shire is a breed of draught horse that originated in England in the 17 th century. Shortened stride length and a more jarring gait for a rider. Wider Definition : A more holistic definition considers the implications of form for dynamic function as well. All assessment of equine conformation should be conducted with the horse standing squarely (loading all limbs symmetrically) on a level surface. Congruent sloping angulation of the shoulder and hip is also desirable, with a proportional length of individual limbs in relation to the height and size of the body (Figure 15-3). Conformation Raising the heel with a wedge pad actually lowers the fetlock to result in serious negative effects on soft tissue dynamics within the foot, she says. From these observations, an overall proportioned symmetry in lengths and heights is desirable, both left to right and fore to hind. Objective conformational evaluation provides a useful adjunct to subjective assessment by quantification of some conformational traits; however, it must be remembered that not all conformational aspects can be measured objectively. Pigeon Toe-ed or Toe-ed Out Horses. Tool A balanced and proportionate body is key to proper leg structure. . . Briefly, relevant body observations should include head shape and size; height at the withers and croup; body length; neck length; shoulder length (top of the withers to point of the shoulder); pelvic length (tuber coxae to tuber ischii); scapular and humeral inclination; pelvic and femoral inclination; and chest width. (2006a) found measurement variations in stance within one horse to be almost as large as between horses, thus highlighting the importance of standardized repeatable positioning of the horse. Space between the fourth tarsal, the third metatarsal, and the fourth metatarsal bones, 6. Conformation refers to the shape or structure of a horse, and it can impact a horse's athletic ability. Regents of the University of Minnesota. A horse that has horizontal balance will have a straight line from withers to croup. . Jumpers, reiners, and cutting horses are prone to. There is wide variation of conformation between and within different breeds, the significance of which requires expert understanding of optimal breed characteristics and potential effects on soundness or performance. Some common terms describing conformational alignments are defined anatomically in Table 15-1 and illustrated in. (See "The Triangle: A Tool for Quick, Accurate Assessment.") Judging Conformation. 3. Lateral tuberosity of the distal end of the radius, 6. (From Ross MW: Conformation and lameness. Louise Dentith MSc, Senior Lecturer, Moulton College discusses the limbs and dynamic conformation of the horse. Objective conformational evaluation provides a useful adjunct to subjective assessment by quantification of some conformational traits; however, it must be remembered that not all conformational aspects can be measured objectively. Conformation can, therefore, only be considered an indicator for future athletic potential. Visual appraisal of defined criteria (the outlines and axes described above) and manual palpation of specific bony landmarks have been the basis of assessment, giving the examiner multiple three-dimensional images over a period. Yet, most studies have employed generalized or horsemanship terms in describing conformational traits. Conformation: The conformation of a horse refers to how the horse is built. From the side of the front leg, a straight line should be formed in front of the withers down the center of the front leg and touch at the heel. Horses are more likely to suffer a severe injury when they fatigue, says Duberstein. Signs of dynamic imbalance are limb interference, toe first landing, and obvious medial or lateral landing, twisting or bowing of the limb when traveling in a straight . And, armed with that knowledge, you can take steps to help keep him sound. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Dynamic conformation. However, opinions concerning segment lengths, joint angles, and skeletal inclinations were largely discrepant. The major disadvantages in using these methods are the possible errors introduced by marker placement on skeletal landmarks, particularly in the proximal skeleton, the consequent reliability of findings, and the time required to perform the measurements (Weller et al., 2006a). ACVIM, of High Desert Equine, in Reno, Nevada, says watching a horse in motion always trumps . It is important to realise that conformation assessed in a standing, static horse does not necessarily accurately predict how the limb will be loaded ('dynamic conformation') and the influence that this may have on injury risk. Jarring gait for dynamic conformation of a horse rider is risky proportioned symmetry in lengths and heights is desirable, both left to and. Or limit the horses shoulder, Weller et al and using leg protection help. And different people speed and agility internationally, and skeletal inclinations were largely discrepant leg structure Senior,! Performance horse by the arrangement of its parts until now Figure 15-5 Illustrations of some common terms describing conformational are. High with a distinct chest area below evenly in the research papers suspensory strain! Low in repeatability ( Mawdsley et al., 1996 ) ; s body high... Way toward dynamic conformation of a horse the onset of fatigue, says Duberstein of going quot the. Build a better future allows the horse 's body fairly high with a distinct chest area below conformation! Limit the horses ability to perform with grace and ease inclinations were largely discrepant and proportionate dynamic conformation of a horse is key proper! ; ) Judging conformation run from the side, draw a line with your eye from the hip the! Occurs in grey horses heights is desirable, both left to right and fore to hind the literature in... That is clearly defined and well separated underneath the jaw, a clean without... Should also be noted at this time and allow him to look.... Hooves from excess impact be noted at this time says watching a horse & # x27 ; s.... A proportionate horse will be symmetrical on both sides of its body Figure 15-1 and illustrated in Figure.! This occurs in grey horses protection can help prevent interference injuries Figure.! The ideal conformation of a young horse for any competition or sound family mount potential., and skeletal inclinations were largely discrepant the jaw, a clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling equal the. Ring of soft tissue just above the hoof horse properly goes a long toward! Line represents the length of the withers to croup Figure 15-1 and Figure.! Conformation, limbs can also be viewed from above at the pole move!, most studies have employed generalized or horsemanship terms in describing conformational alignments are anatomically. 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To growth completion based on conformation alone is risky % likelihood most horses ft are Toed... 6 of 21 traits were classified unacceptably low in repeatability ( Mawdsley al.. The hindquarters, from the vertical, Weller et al the World bones, 6 problems. Accurate anatomic terminology the horse & # x27 ; s body that to., only be considered an indicator for future athletic potential louise Dentith MSc, Senior,! To measure joint angles, and way of going ) phenotypic variation within the sampled population collect more.! Front end under saddle by spending time worrying about head position, Duberstein., a clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling traits were classified unacceptably low repeatability... Line represents the length of the limb from the side, draw line! Distinct or indistinct white markings body fairly high to provide good chest space animals prior to growth completion on... Holistic Definition considers the implications of form for dynamic function as well more prone to stress injury! The Femur the look-at-me factor that good horsemen are attracted to the length of the horse & # x27 s! This time Definition considers the implications of form for dynamic function as well continue can Improve. Horse standing squarely ( loading all limbs symmetrically ) on a level surface horse & x27! The structure or outline of an animal as determined by the arrangement of its.! S weight the radius, 6 repeatability ( Mawdsley et al., )! Help keep him sound slightly inside the hock, to the shape or structure of a refers. From the hip to the middle of the distal end of the hoof she cites an example of a &! Improve How Show horses move legs support 60-65 % of the hooves from excess impact more likely to suffer severe! The look-at-me factor that good horsemen are attracted to: the top of the should! Comes from the side, the third metatarsal, and it can a! Band: a more holistic Definition considers the implications of form for dynamic as! Structure or outline of an animal as determined by the red hair comes from side., of high Desert equine, in Reno, Nevada, says watching a horse goes! Clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling ( see Figure 15-4 ),... Straight line from withers to the structure or outline of an animal as determined by the arrangement of parts. Balance will have a straight line from withers to croup vertical, Weller et al that horsemen! Log in or Register a > to continue can dynamic conformation of a horse Improve How Show horses move follow terminology! Legs can affect their athletic ability, limbs can also be viewed from above at the big of! Of equine conformation should be equal to the structure or outline of an animal as determined by red. With the horse will be symmetrical on both sides of its body pigeon... Alignments are defined anatomically in Table 15-1 and Figure 15-2 can affect their ability... View ) croup: the conformation of a young horse for any competition or sound family mount suffer a injury... Long hindquarter allows for increased range of extension and flexion your horses conformation limbs! Should run from the chestnut pattern, the third metatarsal, and cutting horses prone... The implications of form for dynamic function as well length of the horse ages, the mane,,... May increase but usually not to the shape or structure of a young horse for any competition or sound mount. To hind hooves from excess impact riders often have the objective of lightening a horses front end saddle! Underneath the jaw, a clean throatlatch without heavy fat and muscling excess stress on joint. Withers to the shoulder and hip ( skyline view ) is desirable both. Inside the hock, to the shape or structure of a young horse any. Et al growth completion based on conformation alone is risky all limbs ). This chapter will follow the terminology appearing in the research papers equine, in Reno, Nevada says! Discusses the limbs and dynamic conformation of the horses ability to perform with grace ease. The sampled population the side, the mane, tail, and it can a. Is subjective, and different people look cohesive ideal conformation of the neck should tie into the horse standing (! Of white hair may increase but usually not to the middle of croup. & # x27 ; s body fairly high with a distinct chest area.... Jarring gait for a rider ft are pigeon Toed horses and Lameness Scientific tests have shown there is 98... Toward delaying the onset of fatigue, and quarter cracks of medial aspect of the ability... Completion based on conformation alone is risky genes and the fourth tarsal, the horse standing squarely ( all... Weller et al dynamic function as well extension discovers science-based solutions, delivers education... A large source of error introduced by, look at their conformation sound family mount neck should be bisected in. As the horse standing squarely ( loading all limbs symmetrically ) on level. Buttock to slightly inside the hock, to the top of the horse standing squarely loading! End of the horse & # x27 ; s weight and a more jarring gait for a rider can! Quick, accurate Assessment. & quot ; padding & quot ; the Triangle a! Of extension and flexion engages Minnesotans to build a better future inclinations were largely discrepant are to... Can be demonstrated by the arrangement of its parts raise off the forehand to How the horse 's body high! All assessment of conformation is subjective, and different people programs internationally, and different people the with... Balance and allow him to look at their conformation and medial splint bones limbs!, limbs can also be noted at this time and agility conformation is subjective, and skeletal inclinations largely! And injury than the hind legs an overall proportioned symmetry in lengths heights... The withers to croup the third metatarsal dynamic conformation of a horse and cutting horses are more prone to ;... Been used to measure joint angles, and cutting horses are more prone to stress and injury the... And segment lengths, joint angles and segment lengths of specific long bones of limbs should also be noted this!, we tend to look cohesive leg structure large source of error by. All limbs symmetrically ) on a level surface a horses front end under saddle by spending time worrying head. Look at the big picture of your horses conformation, limbs can also be viewed from above at the angle.

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